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NVIDIA GeForce GF100 Architecture

2010-01-19T13:39:00.005+07:00

PC graphics got an overhaul with the new DirectX 11 API being released by Microsoft, along with its brand new Windows 7 operating system. A new generation of DirectX usually brings two things: 1st: GPUs with new features that piggy-back onto the new DirectX version's launch, and 2nd: GPUs that are significantly faster, while holding onto essentially the same market price-points. DirectX 11 is no exception.

This time, AMD got to do the honors with its Radeon HD 5000 series GPUs, which has already become a generation of GPUs targeting nearly all price-points. NVIDIA, on the other hand invested time in developing a GPU in a way that has always worked for them: to make a powerful high-end monolithic GPU which dominates the upper quadrant, and then release derivatives based on it a little later. NVIDIA admitted to several developmental delays, due to 'unforeseen obstacles' for its GPU.

NVIDIA's new architecture codenamed "Fermi" was unveiled as early as on October 1st, 2009. Back then the move served as a market strategy more than anything, in the wake of AMD's launch of its DirectX 11 compliant Radeon HD 5800 series consumer graphics cards. It did however disclose a lot about the architecture NVIDIA was using, purely from the perspective of GPU computing, not touching anything on the subject of consumer graphics, DirectX 11 compliance, with game performance projections being a far cry. On hindsight, starting Fermi's press exposure from GPU computing was a wise move. It allowed NVIDIA to maintain ambiguity over the actual product's performance (in games, and in the market), while letting it talk about new technologies and features which would then allow the press to draw its inference from the press meet, and possibly chalk out its expectations from the consumer part.

It is that consumer part (implementation of the Fermi architecture in a consumer-grade GPU), which has taken shape deep within NVIDIA's caverns today, that the company is willing to share a lot more with the press about the architecture from a 'consumer graphics' standpoint, which also opens up some direct performance projections from the company. The new GPU is internally called "GF100" or "GeForce Fermi 100", we will put it under the looking glass, thanks to a recent NVIDIA presentation at CES.

NVIDIA's first consumer graphics implementation of its Fermi architecture is the GF100 graphics processor (GPU). Based on this, NVIDIA along with its partners may release one or two graphics card SKUs. A dual-GPU graphics board cannot be written off, either but is certainly not expected for launch. The GF100 is expected to be a ≥100% leap over the previous-generation GT200, in terms of raw compute power, transistor count, and the quantity and capability of various components within the GPU. It will be manufactured on TSMC's 40 nanometer silicon fabrication node.

The GPU has the following physical specifications compared to existing GPU architectures from the present and previous generations:

As you can see, NVIDIA gave the GF100 numerically a 115% increase in shader processors (now called "CUDA Cores" due to the versatility they have achieved beyond shading), a 50% increase in memory bandwidth compared to the GT200 (keeping memory clock speeds constant).

The GPU is organized in a manner described in the block diagram above. The Gigathread Engine acts as a complex crossbar that distributes workload between the highly parallel GPU components. A 384-bit GDDR5 memory controller connects the GPU to 12 memory chips, with an estimated 1536 MB (1.5 GB) or 3072 MB (3.0 GB) of memory, depending on the density of the memory chips used. It is also expected that we will see lower-end configurations with reduced number of memory chips, for example resulting in 256-bit cards with 1 GB of VRAM or 320 bit / 1280 MB. The processing complex of the GPU is arranged into four Graphics Processing Clusters, or GPCs (helps in modularity, combines four Streaming Multiprocessors or SMs to a raster engine), each GPC has a raster engine and four SMs (a sub-unit, combines 32 CUDA cores to common instruction and L1 caches, and a Polymorph Engine), each SM further has four texture mapping units (TMUs).

The level of parallelism is supported by caches at every level, which help manage data traffic, and let key instructions and data stay on the chip. There are shared 64 KB L1 caches on every SM, and a large 768 KB L2 cache for vertex, texture, and ROP data, among other general purpose functions. The 64 KB of L1 cache can be configured to be either 48 KB of shared memory and 16 KB of L1 cache or 48 KB of L1 cache with 16 KB shared memory - depending on the application.

Unlike competing GPUs with unified tessellators, NVIDIA's approach to tessellation involves distributing it among the 16 SMs using PolyMorph Engines. Each PolyMorph Engine gives the SM its own tessellator. Every GPC has its own Raster Engine. This hierarchy gives the GF100 a theoretical 8-times increase in geometry performance compared to the GT200, by decentralizing these components with a parallel architecture.

http://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/NVIDIA/GF100_Fermi_Architecture/1.html

Mengetahui informasi komputer dengan BGinfo

2010-01-16T22:20:00.007+07:00

BGinfo merupakan Tool diagnostik yang digunakan untuk mengetahui tentang informasi komputer anda, misalnya : nama host komputer, IP Address, System Type, User Name, Service pack, OS version dll. Informasi akan ditampilkan pada wallpaper Desktop anda. BGinfo dapat di download dari http://download.sysinternals.com/Files/bginfo.zip. ukuran filenya tidak sampai 500KB.

Download dan jalankan BGinfo tersebut.Begitu jalan, langsung klik Time Remaining pada pojok kanan atas untuk mematikan timernya.

Selanjutnya pilih info apa saja yang akan ditampilkan. Bila ada info yang tidak diinginkan, tinggal dihapus saja. Untuk menambahkan info, tinggal di Add saja.

Klik preview dan lihat hasilnya.

Jika anda kurang puas dengan posisinya, tinggal klik Position, atur sesuai keinginan. Begitu juga dengan jenis font, warna font melalui toolbar.

The AMD 785G chipset

2010-01-16T20:26:00.004+07:00

The AMD 785G chipset

So then... what is really new about this AMD 785G chipset you ask? Well, a couple of key features have been changed compared to the older 780 series.

First off, the boards support socket AM3 and thus DDR3 memory allowing the latest Athlon II and Phenom II processors. More importantly, incorporated into the chipset is ATI's Radeon HD 4200 IGP. On the motherboard we received, this embedded GPU is clocked at 500MHz and as a Radeon HD 4000-series product, it brings with it support for DirectX 10.1; this board even comes packed with HDMI, DVI and VGA outputs and as such it sounds like an optimal HTPC and office PC chipset. But the biggest change is the integration of that R4200 graphics core.

Integrated Graphics HD 4200

* DirectX 10.1 support
* 2nd generation Unified Video Decoder (UVD 2.0)
o Full hardware decode acceleration of H.264/VC-1/MPEG-2
o Hardware decode acceleration of a secondary video stream (Picture-in-Picture) (10-20% CPU usage decrease)
* Improved ATI Avivo Video Post Processor
o Enhanced DVD up-conversion to HD
o Automatic dynamic contrast adjustment
* Multichannel LPCM over HDMI (no PAP, no HD audio bitstreaming)

So in the 785G chipset the GPU is upgraded from the HD3200/3300 utilized in the 780G/790GX to the HD4200. As stated, the primary difference between the cores is that the HD4200 fully supports DX10.1, Unified Video Decoder 2.0 (UVD), hardware accelerated picture in picture capabilities, dynamic contrast, HQ video scaling, hardware accelerated video transcoding, and comes with full Powerplay support.

As far as games go, compared to the last-gen chipset expect a 10% performance increase in games. But really, if you like to play games... pop in a dedicated graphics card please. Also, being a series 4000 graphics core, it will open up ATI Stream technology, which means you can encode media files over the GPU with 3rd party software like MediaShow Espresso and sure... have your embedded GPU active for things like Folding@home

So for HTPC and media aficionados... the most important thing is that the 4200 has the UVD 2 engine - which means an improved high-definition accelerator/enhancer, you'll love the Blu-ray playback capabilities of the 785G as you can now also post process HD content with features like Dynamic Contrast, noise reduction and color vibrance. We'll chat a little more about UVD 2.0 later on though.

Other than that all the standard features are there like HyperTransport 3.0, PCI Express 2.0, ATI Hybrid graphics support. The 785G board is paired with a SB710 South Bridge - and much to our surprise the chipset offers very decent overclocking potential.

sumber: www.guru3d.com

HIS Radeon HD 5670 IceQ 512 MB

2010-01-15T16:02:00.004+07:00

Last year AMD released their new Radeon HD 5800 Series of graphics cards which quickly became a big success due to the numerous improvements made over previous generations. Over the course of the last months AMD has been adding more cards to their DirectX 11 lineup quickly. Today their latest part of the series, the Radeon HD 5600 is unveiled. It is based on AMD's Redwood graphics processor which is made in a 40 nm process at TSMC Taiwan.

Essentially Redwood is a cut in half Juniper GPU which is a cut in half Cypress GPU. This approach lets AMD easily pick price points based on one central GPU design without huge engineering lead time. Using the Radeon HD 5670, AMD is targeting the $99 segment which is quite crowded with cards like GeForce GT 240, 9600 GT and 9800 GT. AMD's own products here are HD 4770, HD 4830 and HD 4850.

The GPU features everything that the more powerful Radeon HD 5000 cards offer: Direct X11, EyeFinity, HDMI Audio bitstreaming, low power consumption and more.

Even though the HIS Radeon HD 5670 IceQ uses both a custom PCB design and a custom cooling solution it comes with specifications that match those of AMD's reference design. This has probably been enforced by AMD to start out all AIBs with a level playing field.

HIS has chosen to use an Arctic Cooling heatsink as their thermal solution, this actually seems to be the same cooler as used on the HIS HD 4670 IceQ.

Just like the AMD reference design, the cooler occupies two slots.

The card has one analog VGA port, one DVI port and one HDMI port. For a lower end card like this it certainly makes sense to have an analog VGA port, the HDMI port has basically replaced the old S-Video output by now.
For HDMI Audio, most NVIDIA cards require you to feed an external audio source, for example from your motherboard's on-board audio, to the card via SPDIF cable. AMD on the other hand has integrated a sound device inside their GPUs which is the easier solution for most users. Also AMD's integrated sound device has been upgraded to support HDMI 1.3a which includes Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD, AC-3, DTS and up to 7.1 channel audio with 192 kHz / 24-bit.

While a physical CrossFire connector is not present, the card does support CrossFire which transfers its data via the PCI-Express bus.

Here are the front and the back of the card, high-res versions are also available (front, back). If you choose to use these images for voltmods etc, please include a link back to this site or let us post your article.

Sumber:http://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/HIS/Radeon_HD_5670_IceQ/1.html

MSI N240GT GeForce GT 240 512 MB GDDR5

2010-01-15T15:51:00.004+07:00

Currently NVIDIA is releasing new versions of their lower end graphics card series. All new cards are based on NVIDIA's first 40 nm graphics processors. The GeForce GT 220 uses the GT216 GPU, while the G 210 uses the GT218 processor. Today marks the release of the GeForce GT 240 - NVIDIA's first GDDR5 memory card. It uses the GT215 GPU which is made in a 40 nm process at TSMC Taiwan. While the G 210 and GT 220 were position in the low-end segment, the GT 240 will offer performance similar to the GeForce 9600 GT, yet considerably below the again GeForce 9800 GT.

NVIDIA lets partners build a wide range of different configurations, 512 MB or 1 GB of memory, GDDR3 or GDDR5, choice of DVI, VGA, DisplayPort and HDMI outputs. MSI has sent us their N240GT which comes with 512 MB of GDDR5 memory and a slightly higher memory clock of 1800 MHz.

MSI has chosen to design their own PCB design and uses a custom cooling solution.

MSI has designed the card to occupy two slots in the system, with the cooler being about 1.5 slots tall. This means that even in a full case there will be plenty of space for the cooler to suck in air.

The card has one analog VGA port, one DVI port and and one HDMI port. For a low-end graphics card, this is a very reasonable output configuration since many low-end PC users still use CRTs. For media PC users the HDMI output enables an easy way to hook up their graphics card to the big screen without any adapter cables or converters.
As mentioned before, NVIDIA has slightly changed how their HDMI Audio works. Instead of connecting an SPDIF output from your sound card to the graphics card, the driver will route the audio signal from the sound device over the PCI-Express bus into the graphics card. According to NVIDIA "fully uncompressed 7.1 LPCM" is supported, as far as I know the sound card will take care of decoding the audio from other formats into LPCM. Please note that you will still need an onboard sound device or sound card. Unlike ATI graphics cards there is no complete sound device embedded inside the GPU.

While there are no SLI connectors, it is possible to put two of these cards in SLI mode for better performance and data will be transferred via the PCI-Express bus.

Here are the front and the back of the card, high-res versions are also available (front, back). If you choose to use these images for voltmods etc, please include a link back to this site or let us post you

sumber: http://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/MSI/GeForce_GT_240/3.html

AMD Athlon II X3 425 2.70 GHz

2010-01-15T14:29:00.004+07:00

After conquering the $100 price segment, AMD is introducing a cut down version of their Athlon II X4 processors to fill up the performance and price gap between entry level dual core models and recently introduced Athlon II X4 Quad Core processors. AMD's new Athlon II X3 Series, like its name suggests, is equipped with three logic cores, and is based on AMD's K10.5 architecture, like any other Athlon II or Phenom model.

The Athlon II X3 425 model we're reviewing today shares a lot of similarities with Athlon II X4 models, because it is based on a Propus Quad Core with one disabled core. Thus, the Rana core is born, at least on paper and yes, it is possible for the fourth core to be unlocked. Athlon II X3 425 is the cheapest, and slowest version (not including the energy efficient "e" models) working at 2.70 GHz, and with its affordable price tag of just $79, it threatens Intel's new Pentium models.

If you read our Athlon II X4 620 review published recently, everything you've read there applies here as well. Athlon II X3 series, with one disabled core, is the Athlon II X4 processor. It's based on same Propus core like Athlon II X4, but because one core is disabled, AMD renamed it to Rana. No other modifications or changes have been done, so like Athlon II X4 it supports AM2+ and AM3 sockets, as well as DDR2 up to 1066 MHz and DDR3 memory up to 1333 MHz.

The Athlon II X3 425 is clocked at 2.70 GHz which puts it ahead of the Athlon II X4 620 by 100 MHz, and makes it 200 MHz slower than the fastest Dual Core Athlon II X2 250. Considering it has three cores and a price tag of $79, this sounds like a real sweet spot for a budget CPU. AMD has set a very high operational voltage of 1.425 for this processor, just like with the Athlon II X4 series, which results in higher power consumption and more heat output. But for some overclockers this could also mean higher overclocking potential with stock voltage. The TDP rating for Athlon II X3 models is set to 95W, same as on the Quad Core Athlon II models. Of course, I will be checking undervolting capabilities of Athlon II X3 425, as well as unlocking options.

Since the Athlon II X3 series is based on a Propus-derived Rana core, it is missing the L3 cache and has just 512 KB of L2 cache memory per core. This will have a serious impact on performance in some benchmarks, with gaming taking the biggest hit. By removing the L3 cache memory, AMD significantly reduced the core die size which measures 168 mm². A smaller die means lower manufacturing costs, which results in lower prices for end customers. But by removing the L3 cache, AMD also removed one of the most important features of the K10.5 architecture: its large and fast memory buffer for CPU instructions which can be shared between all cores. Without L3 cache, the CPU cores have to wait for instructions from much slower system memory, resulting in performance drops in some applications. Performance scaling is also weakened, because no matter how fast the CPU is clocked, it still has to wait for instructions from system memory to process any fast clocked workload.

Athlon II X3 425 is connected to the rest of your PC components through Northbridge via HyperTransport interconnect which provides up to 16 GB/s bandwidth. More than enough bandwidth even for quad CrossFireX setups.

As far as other technology implementations go, there are no changes compared to AMD's Athlon II X4 series, which means Athlon II X3 is supporting everything that the top model Phenoms support, including MMX, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A instructions, Enhanced 3DNow!, NX bit, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, and AMD-V virtualization technology.

If you are thinking about overclocking, it is recommended to have decent memory and motherboard as the multiplier is locked to 13.5, and overclocking must be done via increasing the HT Link value.

sumber:http://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/AMD/Athlon_II_X3_425/2.html

Intel Core i5 661 3.3 GHz

2010-01-15T14:20:00.004+07:00

First of all, I would like to thank our friends at ASUS who provided the CPU and motherboards used. Without their help it wouldn't have been possible to create this article.

Intel has just announced their latest lineup of Nehalem technology based processors. Clarkdale, as the new processor is called by engineers, is the first commercially available 32 nm based processor. It is also the first processor that features a graphics processing core which is located inside the processor's package - something that was first heard about when AMD talked about their Fusion project. It should be noted however that Intel did not put both CPU and GPU onto the same die of silicon.

Instead they took the 32 nm processor core and the 45 nm GPU core, and crammed them into a single processor package, as pictured above. This approach is called Multi-Chip module (MCM).

Let's talk about the processor core quickly. It is a dual core design, that features Hyper-Threading technology, effectively giving you support to execute four threads at the same time. On the cheapest processor model, the Pentium G6950, the HT feature has been disabled to offset it further from the more expensive offerings. Unlike other Nehalem and Lynnfield CPUs, the memory controller is not integrated in the CPU die, but can be found inside the GPU silicon, which results in increased memory latencies. You can find much more information on the processor in our colleagues' reviews.

Intel's graphics core is based on 45 nm technology and features 177 million transistors on a die size of 114 mm². You could imagine it as an improved G45 chipset (including the memory controller) with some magic sauce to make everything work in the CPU package. The GPU is clocked at 533, 733 or 900 MHz depending on the processor model. Our tested i5 661 features the highest GPU clock speed available, without overclocking, of 900 MHz. Intel also increased the number of execution units (shaders) from 10 to 12 and the HD video decoder is now able to decode two streams at the same time for picture-in-picture like you find on some Blu-Rays to show the director's commentary. HD audio via HDMI is supported as well, which will make setup of a media PC more easy, putting this solution on the same level as the latest offerings from AMD and NVIDIA. Whereas the mobile GPU version features advanced power saving techniques like dynamic clock scaling (think: EIST for GPUs) and overheat downclocking, the feature is not available on the desktop part.

Intel's GPU Clock is linked to the processor's BCLK. So if you use the standard CPU overclocking method of raising the BCLK you should be aware that your graphics core clock will go up too. So to get the maximum out of overclocking you need a motherboard BIOS that lets you select a lower multiplier for the VGA clock.
The actual clock is calculated as follows: BCLK / 4 * GPU_PLL_Multiplier. For example, on default clocks: 133 / 4 * 27 = 900 MHz
ASUS offers a nice GPU overclocking suite with their motherboards. You may select the VGA multiplier in the BIOS and also use their Turbo V EVO overclocking software in Windows to easily change VGA clocks without a reboot.

The graphics die and the processor die are connected using Intel's QPI interconnect which offers plenty of bandwidth and reasonable latencies for this marriage to turn out great. In order to transmit the display output signal to your monitor, Intel introduced a new bus called FDI that goes from GPU in the CPU package to the motherboard's H55/H57/Q57 chipset which then handles all the HDMI/DVI/VGA/DP output signal generation. If you don't have a chipset with FDI you can't use the GPU part of the processor - but the CPU itself will work. Earlier P55 based motherboards require a BIOS update to properly detect the CPU.

It should be noted that Intel only supports dual link for the DisplayPort based interface which means that your 2560x1600 30" DVI monitor will not be able to run at its native resolution (happened to me, sucks). HDMI is limited to 1920x1200 which should be fine for all usage scenarios.

sumber: http://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/Intel/Core_i5_661_GPU/

Install AVant WIndow NAvigator

2010-01-03T22:41:00.004+07:00

Ketentuan Sebelum Menginstall AWN yaitu Ubuntu 9.10 dan koneksi Internet.

Buka menu Application – Ubuntu Software Center.
Akan muncul Window Ubuntu Software Center, kemudian Pilih Accessori.

Cari Avant Window Manager, setelah ketemu, klik panah.

Disitu akan keterangan mengenai Avant Window Manager, klik Install.

Masukkan Password untuk melakukan Instal

Proses Installasi. Jika Proses selesai. Restart komputer.

Dan ini tampilan dari Avant Window Navigator

Installasi Backtrack dan Dual boot

2010-01-03T22:03:00.005+07:00

Booting dari CD-ROM, Pilih salah satu menu yang muncul, kalau saya pilih yang “BT3 Graphics VESA Mode (1024X768)”, karena monitorku support yang itu. Enter.

Setelah Masuk Window BackTrack, Buka Konsole.

Ketik perintah “cfdisk” (tanpa tanda kutip) untuk membuat partisi linux. Tekan Enter. Akan Tampil gambar seperti di bawah. Ada 1 partisi Windows dan Free Space, Sorot Free Space dan pilih “New” yang ada pada menu bawah, tekan Enter, jadikan partisi “Logical”. Lalu masukkan kapasitas HDD, jika sudah tekan Enter.

Partisi Linux telah dibuat dengan Name : hda5; Part Type : Logical; FS Type : Linux. Untuk Name hda tergantung banyaknya partisi, kalau disini hanya menggunakan 2 partisi yaitu hda1 untuk windows dan hda5 untuk linux, jika lebih, partisi Name linux bisa saja hda6, hda7 dan seterusnya tergantung banyaknya Partisi HDD. Kemudian Sorot & Enter menu “Write”. Tekan “Yes” jika ada peringatan. Jika sudah Pilih “Quit”. Dan Restart.

Setelah Restart, buka Konsole lagi, ketik “mkreiserfs /dev/hda5”, hda5 tergantung dari partisi anda. Tekan Enter, ketik “y”. Proses format selesai.

Setelah itu, ketik perintah “ cd / ” ; mkdir /mnt/backtrack ; mount /dev/hda5 /mnt/backtrack

Jalankan program Installer Backtrack dengan memilih K Menu --> Backtrack --> Install Backtrack.

Pada textbox “Install BackTrack to:” isikan lokasi istallasi yang telah dibuat pada langkah sebelumnya yaitu “ /mnt/backtrack ”. Pilih radio button “Real” pada Installation method, dan hilangkan tanda silang pada “Restore Original MBR after lilo”. Pilih Install.

Proses installasi. Setelah selesai, klik Close. Dan restart.

Dan ini adalah tampilan dari Boot Menu Backtrack yaitu LILO. Hanya ada menu Backtrack sedangkan untuk Windows masih belum di setting.

Tampilan welcome backtrack 3, login sebagai root seperti yang tertera pada layar. Setelah login, ketik “startx” untuk masuk ke GUI Backtrack.

Buka Konsole, ketik perintah “ cd / ” kemudian “ nano /etc/lilo.conf ” . ketik perintah seperti pada gambar. Setelah itu Restart.

Dan inilah tampilan Boot Menu Backtrack yang telah di edit sebelumnya.

Perintah Dasar linux

2008-12-05T10:08:00.000+07:00

----------------------------------
cd x atau cd /x == masuk ke direktori x
cd .. atau cd ../ atau cd/.. == pindah ke direktori satu level di bawah
x lalu [tab] [tab] == berguna untuk mengetahui perintah apa saja yang tersedia yang berawalan huruf x
adduser == untuk menambahkan user baru
ls atau dir == untuk melihat isi suatu direktori
cat == untuk melihat isi dari suatu file text
mv x y == untuk memindahkan atau merename file x ke file y
cp x y == untuk mengkopi file x ke file y
rm x == untuk menghapus file x
mkdir x == untuk membuat direktori x
rmdir x == untuk menghapus direktori x
rm -r x == untuk menghapus direktori x beserta seluruh isinya
rm p == untuk menghapus paket tertentu
df atau df x == untuk mengetahui space kosong dalam device x
top == untuk mengetahui status memori (tekan q untuk quit)
man x == untuk mengetahui keterangan manual dari suatu perintah
less x == untuk melihat isi dari suatu file text
echo x == untuk mencetak isi dari suatu file x ke screen
mc == untuk menghidupkan Norton Commander dalam Linux (sangat berguna dan memudahkan bagi newbie)
mount == untuk menghidupkan suatu device spt cdrom
halt == untuk shutdown
reboot atau [ctl + alt + del] == untuk reboot

chmod == untuk mengubah permission suatu file
ls -l x == untuk melihat isi suatu direktori secara rinci
ln -s x y == untuk membuat link dari suatu file x ke file y
find x -name y -print == untuk menemukan file y, dengan mencari mulai dari direktori x dan tampilkan hasilnya pada layar
ps == untuk melihat seluruh proses yang sedang berjalan
kill x == untuk mematikan proses x (x adalah PID di dalam ps)
[alt] + F1 - F7 == untuk berpindah dari terminal 1 - 7 (ciri khas Linux)
lilo == untuk membuat boot disk

startx == untuk menjalankan X-Windows
[ctl] + [alt] + [backspace] == untuk keluar dari X-Windows jika terjadi trouble
[ctl] + [alt] + F1 - F6 == untuk pindah dari satu terminal ke terminal lain dalam X-Windows
xf86Config == untuk mengeset X (primitif) dalam text mode
Xconfigurator == sama seperti di atas

untuk lebih jelas klik disini

2008-12-05T09:51:00.000+07:00

Sejarah Linux

Linux atau GNU/Linux adalah sistem operasi bebas yang sangat populer. Istilah Linux atau GNU/Linux (GNU) juga digunakan bagi merujuk kepada keseluruhan edaran Linux (Linux distribution), yang selalunya disertakan program-program lain selain Sistem Pengoperasian. Contoh-contoh program adalah seperti Server Web, Bahasa Pengaturcaraan, Basis Data, Persekitaran Desktop (Desktop environment) (seperti GNOME dan KDE), dan suite kantor (office suite) seperti OpenOffice.org. Edaran-edaran Linux telah mengalami pertumbuhan yang pesat dari segi kepopuleran, sehingga lebih populer dari versi UNIX yang propritari (proprietary) dan mula menandingi dominasi Microsoft Windows dalam beberapa kasus.

Linux menyokong banyak Perkakasan Komputer, dan telah diguna di dalam berbagai peralatan dari Komputer pribadi sampai Superkomputer dan Sistem Benam (Embedded System) (seperti Telefon Mudahalih dan Perekam Video pribadi Tivo).

Pada mulanya, ia dibuat dan digunakan oleh peminatnya saja. Kini Linux telah mendapat sokongan dari perusahaan besar seperti IBM, dan Hewlett-Packarddan perusahaan besar lain. Para penganalisa menujukan kejayaannya ini disebabkan karena Linus tidak bergantung kepada vendor (vendor-independence), biaya perkakasan yang rendah, dan kepantasannya berbanding versi UNIX proprietari, serta faktor keselamatan dan kestabilannya berbanding dengan Microsoft Windows. Ciri-ciri ini juga menjadi bukti atas keunggulan model pembangunan sumber terbuka.

Sejarah
Kernel Linux pada mulanya ditulis sebagai hobi oleh pelajar universitas Finland Linus Torvalds yang belajar di Universitas Helsinki, untuk membuat kernel Minix yang bebas dan dapat sunting. (Minix adalah projek pelajaran menyerupai UNIX direka untuk mudah dan bukannya untuk kegunaan perniagaan.) Versi 0.01 dikeluarkan ke Internet pada September 1991, Versi 0.02 pada 5 Oktober 1991. [1]

Berikutnya, beribu-ribu penulis program sukarelawan seluruh dunia telah menyertai projek ini.
Sejarah sistem pengoperasian berdasarkan Linux berkaitan arat dengan projek GNU, projek program bebas terkenal diketuai oleh Richard Stallman. Projek GNU bermula pada 1983 untuk membuat sistem pengoperasian seperti Unix lengkap — kompiler, utiliti aplikasi, utiliti pembangunan dan seterusnya — dikarang sepenuhnya dengan Program Bebas. Pada 1991, apabila versi pertama kerangka Linux ditulis, projek GNU project telah menghasilkan hampir kesemua komponen sistem ini — kecuali kernel. Torvalds dan pembangun kernel seperti Linux menyesuaikan kernel mereka supaya dapat berfungsi dengan komponen GNU, dan seterusnya mengeluarkan Sistem Pengoperasian yang cukup berfungsi. Oleh itu, Linux melengkapkan ruang terakhir dalam rancangan GNU.

Walaupun kernel Linux dilisensikan di bawah GNU General Public License, ia bukannya sebesar dari projek GNU.
Tux, seekor Penguin, merupakan logo dan maskot bagi Linux. Linux adalah tandaniaga (SN: 1916230) yang dimiliki oleh Linus Torvalds. Linux terdaftar sebagai "Program sistem pengoperasian komputer bagi penggunaan komputer dan operasi". Tandaniaga ini diletak setelah berlaku suatu kejadian di mana seorang pemalsu bernama William R Della Croce Jr mula menghantar surat kepada para pengedar Linux yang megklaim tandaniaga Linux adalah kepunyaannya serta meminta royalti sebanyak 10% dari mereka. Para pengedar Linux mulai mendorong agar tandaniaga yang asal diberi kepada Linus Torvalds. Perlisensian tandaniaga Linux sekarang dikendali oleh Linux Mark Institute.

Distribusi Linux
Lihat juga Distribusi Linux
Terdapat banyak edaran atau distribusi Linux (lebih dikenali sebagai Distro), yang dibuat oleh individu, grup, dan lembaga lain. Masing masingnya mungkin disertakan dengan program sistem dan program aplikasi tambahan, di samping menyertakan suatu program yang memasang keseluruhan sistem dalam komputer baru.

Inti bagi setiap edaran Linux adalah Kernel Linux, koleksi program dari projek GNU (atau projek lain), shell, dan aturcara utiliti seperti pustaka (libraries), Kompiler, dan Pengedit (editor). Kebanyakan sistem juga menyertakan aturcara dan utiliti yang bukan-GNU, bagaimanapun utiliti tersebut dapat diasingkan dan masih menyediakan sistem ala-Unix. Beberapa contoh adalah aturcara dan utiliti dari BSD dan Sistem Tetingkap-X (X-Window System). X menyediakan Antaramuka Grafik (GUI) yang asas bagi sistem Linux.

Aplikasi Sistem Pengoperasian berdasarkan Linux
Pengguna Linux, yang secara tradisinya perlu memasang dan melakukan konfigurasi terhadap sistem sendiri, lebih cenderung mengerti teknologi dibanding pengguna Microsoft Windows atau Mac OS. Mereka sering disebut "hacker" atau "geek". Namun stereotipe ini semakin berkurang dengan peningkatan sifat ramah-pengguna dan makin luasnya pengguna edaran Linux. Linux telah membuat pencapaian yang agak baik dalam pasaran komputer server dan komputer tujuan khusus. Contohnya, mesin render gambar, dan servis web. Linux juga mulai populer dalam pasaran komputer "desktop".

Linux merupakan asas kepada kombinasi program-server LAMP, kependekan dari Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP,Python. LAMP telah mencapai kepopuleran yang luas di kalangan pembangun Web.

Linux juga sering digunakan sebagai Sistem Pengoperasian Benam. Biaya Linux yang murah memungkinkan penggunaannya dalam peralatan seperti Simputer, yaitu komputer biaya rendah yang disasarkan pada penduduk berpendapatan rendah di Negara-negara Membangun.

Dengan Persekitaran Desktop seperti KDE dan GNOME, Linux menawarkan Antarmuka Pengguna yang lebih menyerupai Apple Macintosh atau Microsoft Windows dari Antarmuka Baris Arahan seperti Unix. Justru itu, lebih banyak program grafik dapat didapati pada Linux, yang menawarkan berbagai fungsi yang ada pada utiliti komersil.

Pasaran serta dapatpakai
Linux yang pada awalnya hanya merupakan sistem pengoperasian yang digunakan oleh peminat komputer, telah menjadi sistem yang lebih Ramah-pengguna, dengan antaramuka grafik yang berbagai macam aplikasi yang lebih mirip sistem pengoperasian konsumer lain, dari baris arahan Unix. Namun kesan ini telah menimbulkan kritikan ramai, termasuk dari penyokong Linux. Mereka berpendapat bahwa Linux dan projek program bebas masih belum mencapai faktor ke'dapatpakai'an yang memuaskan. Persoalan tentang ke'dapatpakai'an Linux berbanding Windows atau Macintosh masih menjadi isu perdebatan yang hangat. Pasaran Linux dalam komputer "desktop" masih agak kecil tapi semakin berkembang. Menurut Lembaga Penyelidikan Pasaran IDC, besar pasaran bagi Linux pada tahun 2002 adalah 25% bagi pasaran server, dan 2.8% bagi pasaran Komputer pribadi.

Bagi mereka yang hanya biasa menggunakan Windows atau Macintosh, Linux mungkin kelihatan lebih sukar disebabkan perbedaan dalam melakukan berbagai kerja komputer. Dan lagi, lebih mudah untuk mencari sokongan teknis bagi Windows atau Mac OS dibandingkan Linux. Tambahan lagi, secara lazimnya pengguna perlu menukar program yang sering digunakan, disebabkan program tersebut tidak didapati dalam Linux (atau pilihan yang agak terbatas, terutamanya permainan komputer). Faktor lain adalah sifat ragu-ragu pengguna yang merasa susah untuk melepaskan sistem pengoperasian mereka (banyak pengguna masih menggunakan versi Windows yang lama). Selain itu, kebanyakan komputer didatangkan dengan Windows sedia dipasang (preinstalled). Faktor-faktor ini menyebabkan perkembangan Linux yang agak lambat.

Walau bagaimanapun, kelebihan Linux seperti biaya rendah, sekuritas yang lebih aman, dan tidak bergantung pada vendor, telah menggalakkan penggunaan yang meluas di kalangan koperasi dan kerajaan. Dalam situasi ini, halangan yang disebut di atas dapat dikurangkan karena hanya aplikasi/utiliti yang terbatas digunakan, serta kerja pentadbiran komputer (administration) dikendalikan oleh sekumpulan pekerja pakar IT yang sedikit.

Terdapat berbagai kajian yang dilakukan terbatas biaya serta ke'dapatpakai'an Linux. Relevantive, (sebuah lembaga berpusat di Berlin, yang mengkhusus dalam rundingan lembaga tentang ke'dapatpakai'an program, serta servis web), telah membuat kesimpulan bahawa ke'dapatpakai'an Linux bagi pekerjaan dengan komputer "desktop" adalah hampir sama dengan Windows XP. Bagaimanapun, kajian oleh IDC (yang dibiayai oleh Microsoft) mengklaim bahwa Linux mempunyai biaya pemilikan (Total Cost of Ownership) yang lebih tinggi berbanding Windows.

Linux juga sering dikritik karena jadwal pembangunannya yang tidak dapat diduga. Secara langsung, menyebabkan pengguna Enterprise kurang selesa dengan Linux dibanding sistem pengoperasian lain (Sumber:Marcinkowski, 2003). Pilihan yang banyak dalam edaran Linux juga dikatakan mengelirukan konsumer, dan vendor program.
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Instalasi
Proses pemasangan yang sukar sering-kali menjadi penghalang bagi pengguna baru, namun proses ini sekarang menjadi lebih mudah akhir akhir ini. Dengan penerimaan Linux oleh beberapa pengeluar PC (Komputer pribadi) terbesar, komputer yang disedia-pasang dengan edaran Linux dapat didapati. Ada juga edaran Linux yang dimana Linux di-boot secara terus dari Live CD tanpa perlu memasangnya ke dalam Hard Disk. Contoh-contoh edaran Linux berbentuk Live CD adalah Knoppix/Gnoppix dan Gentoo. Gambar ISO bagi CD untuk edaran Linux tersebut biasanya dapat dimuat turun dari Internet, ditulis ke CD, dan selanjutnya membootkan CD tersebut.
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Konfigurasi
Konfigurasi bagi kebanyakan setting Linux seringkali perlu dilakukan menerusi penyuntingan berkas teks dalam direktori /etc. Terdapat juga utiliti seperti Linuxconf dan GNOME System Tools yang bertujuan memudahkan kerja ini dengan menyediakan antaramuka grafik. Namun baris arahan merupakan cara paling lazim digunakan.

Dukungan
Dukungan bagi Linux biasanya didapatkan menerusi peer(dalam konteks ini bermaksud rakan dalam talian) - pengguna Linux lain di dalam forum internet, newsgroup dan senarai mel. Kumpulan Pengguna Linux (LUG, Linux User Group) telah didirikan di sulurh dunia untuk membantu pengguna lokal, pengguna baru, dan pengguna berpengalaman. Bantuan termasuk pemasangan, penggunaan, penyelenggaraan serta menggalakkan perkembangan sistem Linux.

Pembekalan komersil bagi edaran Linux secara umumnya mengamalkan model perniagaan dengan menyediakan sokongan. Sokongan partai ketiga juga sudah tersedia

Skala Usaha Pembangunan Linux
Sebuah studi (More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size [2]) Terhadap Red Hat Linux 7.1 menemukan bahwa edaran ini berisi 30 juta baris kode source (‘’source lines of code (SLOC)’’). Menggunakan model biaya COCOMO studi ini menunjukan bahwa edaran ini memerlukan waktu pengembangan sebanyak 8000 tahun, apabila software ini di kembangkan dengan cara proprietasi konvensional. Dan akan memakan sekitar 1.08 miliar dolar (dolar tahun 2000) untuk di kembangkan di Amerika Serikat.

Mayoritas dari kode (71%) ditulis dalam C, namun banyak bahasa lain digunakan, termasuk C++ shell scripts, Lisp, assembly language, Perl, Fortran dan Python.
Sekitar setengah dari kodenya di lisensikan di bawah GPL.
Kernel Linux kernel mengandung 2.4 juta baris kode, atau sekitar 8% dari total, Menunjukan bahwa mayoritas dari edaran Linux terdiri dari kode yang tidak terkandung dalam Kernel Linux.
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"GNU/Linux"
Lihat Kontroversi Penamaan GNU/Linux
Disebabkan utiliti-utiliti dari projek sistem pengoperasian bebas GNU - tanpa ini sistem Linux tidak akan menyerupai sistem Unix dalam perspektif pengguna - Richard Stallman dari GNU/FSF memohon agar kombinasi sistem (projek GNU dan kernel Linux), disebut sebagai "GNU/Linux". Pengguna edaran Linux dari projek Debian lebih cenderung menggunakan nama tersebut. Kebanyakan pengguna lebih mudah menggunakan istilah "Linux".

Tindakan Undang-undang (Litigasi)
Artikel utama: SCO Vs IBM Pada bulan Mac 2003, Kumpulan SCO (SCOG - SCO Group) telah mengeluarkan saman terbatasap IBM yang mengklaim bahwa IBM telah memasukkan sebesar dari bahan intelektual milik SCOG ke dalam kernel Linux, di mana ia merupakan pelanggaran terbatasap lisensi IBM untuk menggunakan UNIX. Lisensi tersebut dikatakan dipegang oleh Kumpulan SCO. Tambahan lagi, Kumpulan SCO juga telah mengirim surat kepada beberapa lembaga dan memberi amaran tentang penggunaan Linux tanpa lisensi dari kumpulan SCO akan menerima tindakan dari mereka. Kumpulan SCO juga mengeluarkan pernyataan pada media massa yang mereka akan menyaman pengguna Linux selanjutnya. Kontroversi ini telah mencetus beberapa kecaman oleh Kumpulan SCO terbatasap Novell, DaimlerChrysler, dan AutoZone, selain saman balik oleh Red Hat dan pihak lain terbatasap SCOG.